Punishing (Not)Innocent Persons?
https://doi.org/10.25206/2542-0488-2023-8-3-73-94
EDN: PXTLYW
Abstract
This article provides a critical analysis of Mark Walker’s type-token theory. This theory purports to describe, explain, and justify the mechanism by which moral and legal responsibility can be attributed to exact and complete duplicates of persons. However, Walker’s defence of the view of persons as abstract entities is met with several metaphysical objections. Alternatively, a new approach to moral and legal responsibility is developed based on principles of agency law, in which the conception of a guilty person does not require identity with the person who committed the culpable act.
About the Author
A. V. Nekhaev
Omsk State Technical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
NEKHAEV Andrei Viktorovich, Doctor of Philosophical
Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of History,
Philosophy and Social Communications Department; Professor of Philosophy Department, Tyumen State University; Research Associate of the Laboratory of Logical and Philosophical Studies, Tomsk Scientific
Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
RAS
Omsk
References
1. Altman M. C. A Theory of Legal Punishment: Deterrence, Retribution, and the Aims of the State. London: Routledge, 2021. 299 p. (In Engl.).
2. Flew A. The Justification of Punishment // Philosophy. 1954. Vol. 29, no. 111. P. 291–307. DOI: 10.1017/S0031819100067152. (In Engl.).
3. Benn S. I. An Approach to the Problems of Punishment // Philosophy. 1958. Vol. 33, no. 127. P. 325–341. DOI: 10.1017/S0031819100055017. (In Engl.).
4. Hart H. L. A. Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment // Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. 1960. Vol. 60, no. 1. P. 1–26. DOI: 10.1093/aristotelian/60.1.1. (In Engl.).
5. Wood D. Punishment: Consequentialism // Philosophy Compass. 2010. Vol. 5, no. 6. P. 455–469. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00287.x. (In Engl.).
6. McCloskey H. J. The Complexity of the Concepts of Punishment // Philosophy. 1962. Vol. 37, no. 142. P. 307–325. DOI: 10.1017/S0031819100062136. (In Engl.).
7. Feinberg J. The Expressive Function of Punishment // The Monist. 1965. Vol. 49, no. 3. P. 397–423. DOI: 10.5840/ monist196549326. (In Engl.).
8. Reiman J., Van Den Haag E. On the Common Saying That It Is Better That Ten Guilty Persons Escape Than That One Innocent Suffer: Pro and Con // Social Philosophy and Policy. 1990. Vol. 7, no. 2. P. 226–248. DOI: 10.1017/S0265052500000844. (In Engl.).
9. Champlin T. S. Punishment without Offence // American Philosophical Quarterly. 1976. Vol. 13, no. 1. P. 85–87. (In Engl.).
10. Boonin D. The Problem of Punishment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 299 p. (In Engl.).
11. Zimmerman M. The Immorality of Punishment. Buffalo, New York: Broadview Press, 2011. 183 p. (In Engl.).
12. Givelber D. J. Meaningless Acquittals, Meaningful Convictions: Do We Reliably Acquit the Innocent? // Rutgers Law Review. 1997. Vol. 49, no. 2. P. 1342–1358. (In Engl.).
13. Ellis A. A Deterrence Theory of Punishment // The Philosophical Quarterly. 2003. Vol. 53, no. 212. P. 337–351. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9213.00316. (In Engl.).
14. Halvorsen V. Is It Better That Ten Guilty Persons Go Free Than That One Innocent Person Be Convicted? // Criminal Justice Ethics. 2004. Vol. 23, no. 2. P. 3–13. DOI: 10.1080/0731129X.2004.9992168. (In Engl.).
15. Philips M. The Inevitability of Punishing the Innocent // Philosophical Studies. 1985. Vol. 48, no. 3. P. 389–391. DOI: 10.1007/BF01305397. (In Engl.).
16. Lee H.-W. Consequentialist Theories of Punishment // The Palgrave Handbook on the Philosophy of Punishment / Ed. M. C. Altman. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. P. 149–169. (In Engl.).
17. McCloskey H. J. A Non Utilitarian Approach to Punishment // Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy. 1965. Vol. 8, no. 1–4. P. 249–263. DOI: 10.1080/00201746508601433. (In Engl.).
18. Cragg W. The Practice of Punishment: Towards a Theory of Restorative Justice. London: Routledge, 1992. 214 p. (In Engl.).
19. Braithwaite J. Pettit P. Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002. 229 p. (In Engl.).
20. Brooks T. Deterrence // Deterrence / Ed. T. Brooks. London: Routledge, 2014. P. 117–135. (In Engl.).
21. Blackstone W. Commentaries on the Laws of England: Book the Fourth. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1769. 483 p. (In Engl.).
22. Yost B. S. The Impermissibility of Execution // The Palgrave Handbook on the Philosophy of Punishment / Ed. M. C. Altman. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. P. 747–769. (In Engl.).
23. Beccaria C. On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 177 p. (In Engl.).
24. Rosen F. Utilitarianism and the Punishment of the Innocent: The Origins of a False Doctrine // Utilitas. 1997. Vol. 9, no. 1. P. 23–37. DOI: 10.1017/S0953820800005112. (In Engl.).
25. Sunstein C. R., Vermeule A. Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, and Life-Life Tradeoffs // Stanford Law Review. 2005. Vol. 58, no. 3. P. 703–750. (In Engl.).
26. Zalta E. N. Abstract Objects: An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983. 193 p. (In Engl.).
27. Zalta E. N. Typed Object Theory // Abstract Objects: For and Against / Eds. J. L. Falguera, C. Martinez-Vidal. Cham: Springer, 2020. P. 59–88. (In Engl.).
28. Bueno O., Zalta E. N. Object Theory and Modal Meinongianism // Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 2017. Vol. 95, no. 4. P. 761–778. DOI: 10.1080/00048402.2016.1260609. (In Engl.).
29. Perrett R. W., Barton C. Personal Identity, Reductionism and the Necessity of Origins // Erkenntnis. 1999. Vol. 51, no. 2/3. P. 277–294. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005455206904. (In Engl.).
30. Wetzel L. Types and Tokens: On Abstract Objects. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2009. 180 p. (In Engl.).
31. Watson G. Two Faces of Responsibility // Philosophical Topics. 1996. Vol. 24, no. 2. P. 227–248. DOI: 10.5840/philtopics199624222. (In Engl.).
32. Shoemaker D. Attributability, Answerability, and Accountability: Toward a Wider Theory of Moral Responsibility // Ethics. 2011. Vol. 121, no. 3. P. 602–632. DOI: 10.1086/659003. (In Engl.).
33. Smith A. M. Attributability, Answerability, and Accountability: In Defense of a Unified Account // Ethics. 2012. Vol. 122, no. 3. P. 575–589. DOI: 10.1086/664752. (In Engl.).
34. Ananyev D. Ponyatiya i kontseptsii moral’noy otvetstvennosti [The Concept and Conceptions of Moral Responsibility] // Date Palm Compote. 2020. No. 15. P. 101–107. DOI: 10.24412/2587-9308-2020-15-101-107. (In Russ.).
35. Shoemaker D. Responsibility without Identity // The Harvard Review of Philosophy. 2012. Vol. 18, no. 1. P. 109–132. DOI: 10.5840/harvardreview20121816. (In Engl.).
36. Zalta E. N. Principia Logico-Metaphysica (draft, 04.06.2023). 1432 p. URL: https://mally.stanford.edu/principia.pdf (accessed: 08.06.2023). (In Engl.).
37. Wiggins D. Locke, Butler and the Stream of Consciousness: And Men as a Natural Kind // Philosophy. 1976. Vol. 51, no. 196. P. 131–158. DOI: 10.1017/S003181910002057X. (In Engl.).
38. Shoemaker S. Personal Identity: A Materialist’s Account // Personal Identity / Eds. R. Swinburne, S. Shoemaker. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. P. 69–132. (In Engl.).
39. Sinnott-Armstrong W., Behnke S. Criminal Law and Multiple Personality Disorder: The Vexing Problems of Personhood and Responsibility // Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal. 2001. Vol. 10, no. 2. P. 277–296. (In Engl.).
40. Wasserman R. Personal Identity, Indeterminacy and Obligation // Personal Identity: Complex or Simple? / Eds. G. Gasser, M. Stefan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. P. 63–81. (In Engl.).
41. Khoury A. C. Synchronic and Diachronic Responsibility // Philosophical Studies. 2013. Vol. 165, no. 3. P. 735–752. DOI: 10.1007/s11098-012-9976-6. (In Engl.).
42. Khoury A. C. Individual and Collective Responsibility // Reflections on Ethics and Responsibility: Essays in Honor of Peter A. French / Ed. Z. J. Goldberg. Dordrecht: Springer, 2017. P. 1–20. (In Engl.).
43. Hirsch E. The Concept of Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. 318 p. (In Engl.).
44. Parfit D. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. 560 p. (In Engl.).
45. Campbell S. Is Causation Necessary for What Matters in Survival? // Philosophical Studies. 2005. Vol. 126, no. 3. P. 375– 396. DOI: 10.1007/s11098-004-7786-1. (In Engl.).
46. Sidelle A. Parfit on ‘the Normal/a Reliable/any Cause’ of Relation R // Mind. 2011. Vol. 120, no. 479. P. 735–760. DOI: 10.1093/mind/fzr050. (In Engl.).
47. Ehring D. W. What Matters in Survival: Personal Identity and Other Possibilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. 226 p. (In Engl.).
48. Kolak D., Martin R. Personal Identity and Causality: Becoming Unglued // American Philosophical Quarterly. 1987. Vol. 24, no. 4. P. 339–347. (In Engl.).
49. Siderits M. Ehring on Parfit’s Relation R // Analysis. 1988. Vol. 48, no. 1. P. 29–32. DOI: 10.1093/analys/48.1.29. (In Engl.).
50. Elliot R. Personal Identity and the Causal Continuity Requirement // The Philosophical Quarterly. 1991. Vol. 41, no. 162. P. 55–75. DOI: 10.2307/2219786. (In Engl.).
51. Yi H. Against Psychological Sequentialism // Axiomathes. 2014. Vol. 24, no. 2. P. 247–262. DOI: 10.1007/s10516-013-9221-8. (In Engl.).
52. Köhler S. Moral Responsibility without Personal Identity? // Erkenntnis. 2021. Vol. 86, no. 1. P. 39–58. DOI: 10.1007/s10670-018-0092-7. (In Engl.).
53. Nekhaev A. V. Angliyskoye filosofskoye derbi: Dzhon Lokk versus Derek Parfit [English Derby in Philosophy: John Locke versus Derek Parfit] // Omskiy nauchnyy vestnik. Seriya Obshchestvo. Istoriya. Sovremennost’. Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Society. History. Modernity. 2019. Vol. 4, no. 2. P. 72–81. DOI: 10.25206/2542-0488-2019-4-2-72-81. (In Russ.).
54. Noonan H. W. Personal Identity. London: Routledge, 2003. 236 p. (In Engl.).
55. New C. Time and Punishment // Analysis. 1992. Vol. 42, no. 1. P. 35–40. DOI: 10.1093/analys/52.1.35. (In Engl.).
56. Smilansky S. The Time to Punish // Analysis. 1994. Vol. 54, no. 1. P. 50–53. DOI: 10.1093/analys/54.1.50. (In Engl.).
57. New C. Punishing Times: Reply to Smilansky // Analysis. 1995. Vol. 55, no. 1. P. 60–62. DOI: 10.1093/analys/55.1.60. (In Engl.).
58. Feldman F. Desert: Reconsideration of Some Received Wisdom // Mind. 1995. Vol. 104, no. 413. P. 63–77. DOI: 10.1093/ mind/104.413.63. (In Engl.).
59. Zimmerman M. J. Time and Punishment // Time and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection / Ed. H. Dyke. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, 2003. P. 55–70. (In Engl.).
60. Haji I. Libertarian Openness, Blameworthiness, and Time // Freedom and Determinism / Eds. J. K. Campbell, M. O’Rourke, D. Shier. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2004. P. 135–150. (In Engl.).
61. Zimmerman M. J. Taking Luck Seriously // The Journal of Philosophy. 2002. Vol. 99, no. 11. P. 553–576. DOI: 10.2307/3655750. (In Engl.).
62. Khoury A. C. Responsibility, Tracing, and Consequences // Canadian Journal of Philosophy. 2012. Vol. 42, no. 3/4. P. 187– 207. DOI: 10.1080/00455091.2012.10716774. (In Engl.).
63. Shoemaker D. Qualities of Will // Social Philosophy and Policy. 2013. Vol. 30, no. 1/2. P. 95–120. DOI: 10.1017/ S0265052513000058. (In Engl.).
64. Khoury A. C., Matheson B. Is Blameworthiness Forever? // Journal of the American Philosophical Association. 2018. Vol. 4, no. 2. P. 204–224. DOI: 10.1017/apa.2018.17. (In Engl.).
65. Mertsalov A. V. Agentnost’, tozhdestvo lichnosti i moral’naya otvetstvennost’ [Agency, Personal Identity, and Moral Responsibility] // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 7. Filosofiya. Moscow University Bulletin. Series 7. Philosophy. 2022. No. 5. P. 72–90. (In Russ.).
66. Kant I. Metafizika nravov v dvukh chastyakh (1797) [Metaphysics of Morals] // Kritika prakticheskogo razuma [Critique of Practical Reason]. St. Petersburg, 2005. P. 259–505. (In Russ.).
67. Lewis D. Survival and Identity // Philosophical Papers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. Vol. 1. P. 55–72. (In Engl.).
68. Heller M. Temporal Parts of Four Dimensional Objects // Philosophical Studies. 1984. Vol. 46, no. 3. P. 323–334. DOI: 10.1007/BF00372910. (In Engl.).
69. Inwagen P. Four-Dimensional Objects // Noûs. 1990. Vol. 24, no. 2. P. 245–255. DOI: 10.2307/2215526. (In Engl.).
70. Sider T. Four-Dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001. 255 p. (In Engl.).
71. Rea M. The Metaphysics of Original Sin // Persons: Human and Divine / Eds. D. Zimmerman, P. Inwagen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 319–356. (In Engl.).
72. Effingham N. Fission Theories of Original Guilt // International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 2022. Vol. 92, no. 1. P. 15–30. DOI: 10.1007/s11153-021-09823-w. (In Engl.).
73. Robinson D. Can Amoebae Divide without Multiplying? // Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 1985. Vol. 63, no. 3. P. 299– 319. DOI: 10.1080/00048408512341901. (In Engl.).
74. Anscombe G. E. M. Were You a Zygote? // Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements. 1984. Vol. 18. P. 111–115. DOI: 10.1017/S0957042X00003138. (In Engl.).
75. Shoemaker S. Self-Knowledge and Self-Identity. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963. 264 p. (In Engl.).
76. Wiggins D. Identity and Spatio-Temporal Continuity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1967. 84 p. (In Engl.).
77. Parfit D. Tozhdestvo lichnosti [Personal Identity] / transl. from Engl. R. L. Kochnev // Omskiy nauchnyy vestnik. Seriya Obshchestvo. Istoriya. Sovremennost’. Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Society. History. Modernity. 2019. Vol. 4, no. 2. P. 94–107. DOI: 10.25206/2542-0488-2019-4-2-94-107. (In Russ.).
78. Perry J. Can the Self Divide? // The Journal of Philosophy. 1972. Vol. 69, no. 16. P. 463–488. DOI: 10.2307/2025324. (In Engl.).
79. Hobbes T. Leviafan, ili materiya, forma i vlast’ gosudarstva tserkovnogo i grazhdanskogo [Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil] // Sochineniya. V 2 t. [Works. In 2 vols.]. Moscow, 1991. Vol. 2. P. 3–590. (In Russ.).
80. Fleming S. Leviathan on a Leash: A Theory of State Responsibility. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020. 202 p. (In Engl.).
81. Fleming S. The Two Faces of Personhood: Hobbes, Corporate Agency and the Personality of the State // European Journal of Political Theory. 2021. Vol. 20, no. 1. P. 5–26. DOI: 10.1177/1474885117731941. (In Engl.).
82. Wiland E. Personal Identity and Quasi-Responsibility // Moral Responsibility and Ontology / Ed. T. van den Beld. Dordrecht: Springer-Science + Business Media, 2000. P. 77–87. (In Engl.).
83. Schechtman M. The Constitution of Selves. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996. 169 p. (In Engl.).
84. Matheson B. Compatibilism and Personal Identity // Philosophical Studies. 2014. Vol. 170, no. 2. P. 317–334. DOI: 10.1007/s11098-013-0220-9. (In Engl.).
85. Monton B. Morality Grounds Personal Identity // Philosophical Analysis. 2014. No. 31. P. 1–26. (In Engl.).
86. Dal Pont G. E. Law of Agency. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2014. 711 p. (In Engl.).
87. Stone R. Law of Agency. London: Routledge-Cavendish, 1996. 196 p. (In Engl.).
88. Draper K. War and Individual Rights: The Foundations of Just War Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 254 p. (In Engl.).
89. Zimmerman M. Sharing Responsibility // American Philosophical Quarterly. 1985. Vol. 22, no. 2. P. 115–122. (In Engl.).
90. Nollkaemper A. Concurrence Between Individual Responsibility and State Responsibility in International Law // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2003. Vol. 52, no. 3. P. 615–640. DOI: 10.1093/iclq/52.3.615. (In Engl.).
91. Zimmerman M. An Essay on Moral Responsibility. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1988. 210 p. (In Engl.).
92. Mott C. Statutes of Limitations and Personal Identity // Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy / Eds. T. Lombrozo, J. Knobe, S. Nichols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. P. 243–269. (In Engl.).
93. Coleman J., Sarch A. Blameworthiness and Time // Legal Theory. 2012. Vol. 18, no. 2. P. 101–137. DOI: 10.1017/S1352325212000158. (In Engl.).
94. Beck S. Parfit and the Russians // Analysis. 1989. Vol. 49, № 4. P. 205–209. DOI: 10.1093/analys/49.4.205. (In Engl.).
95. Douglas T. Punishing Wrongs from the Distant Past // Law and Philosophy. 2019. Vol. 38, no. 4. P. 335–358. DOI: 10.1007/s10982-019-09352-8. (In Engl.).
96. Hegel G. W. F. Filosofiya prava [Elements of the Philosophy of Right]. Moscow: Mysl’, 1990. 526 p. (In Russ.).
97. Dubber M. D. Rediscovering Hegel’s Theory of Crime and Punishment // Michigan Law Review. 1994. Vol. 92, no. 6. P. 1577–1621. DOI: 10.2307/1289596. (In Engl.).
98. Anderson J. A. Annulment Retributivism: A Hegelian Theory of Punishment // Legal Theory. 1999. Vol. 5, no. 4. P. 363–388. DOI: 10.1017/S1352325299054014. (In Engl.).
99. Brooks T. Is Hegel a Retributivist? // Hegel Bulletin. 2004. Vol. 25, no. 1/2. P. 113–126. DOI: 10.1017/S0263523200002044. (In Engl.).
100. Bessler J. D. The Philosophy of Punishment and the Arc of Penal Reform: From Ancient Lawgivers to Renaissance and the Enlightenment, and Through the Nineteenth Century // The Palgrave Handbook on the Philosophy of Punishment / Ed. M. C. Altman. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. P. 23–52. (In Engl.).
101. Garvey S. P. Punishment as Atonement // University of California at Los Angeles Law Review. 1999. Vol. 46, no. 6. P. 1801–1858. (In Engl.).
102. Dresser R. Personal Identity and Punishment // Boston University Law Review. 1990. Vol. 70, no. 2. P. 395–446. (In Engl.).
103. Glannon W. Moral Responsibility and Personal Identity // American Philosophical Quarterly. 1998. Vol. 35, no. 3. P. 231– 249. (In Engl.).
104. Ferzan K. K. Patty Hearst Reconsidered: Personal Identity in the Criminal Law // Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law. 2018. Vol. 15, no. 2. P. 367–394. (In Engl.).
105. Toussie v. United States (1970) // U.S. Reports – Supreme Court. Vol. 397. P. 112. URL: https://supreme.justia. com/cases/federal/us/397/112/ (accessed: 03.05.2023). (In Engl.).
106. Diamantis M. E. Limiting Identity in Criminal Law // Boston College Law Review. 2019. Vol. 60, no. 7. P. 2011–2100. (In Engl.).
107. Inwagen P. Ability and Responsibility // The Philosophical Review. 1978. Vol. 87, no. 2. P. 201–224. DOI: 10.2307/2184752. (In Engl.).
108. Berhanu v. Metzger, № A8911-07007 (Circuit Court of Oregon for Multnomah County, 1990). URL: https://www. splcenter.org/seeking-justice/case-docket/berhanu-v-metzger (accessed: 03.05.2023). (In Engl.).
109. Rosenthal E. White Supremacy and Hatred in the Streets of Portland: The Murder of Mulugeta Seraw // Oregon Historical Quarterly. 2019. Vol. 120, no. 4. P. 588–605. DOI: 10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0588. (In Engl.).
Review
For citations:
Nekhaev A.V. Punishing (Not)Innocent Persons? Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Society. History. Modernity. 2023;8(3):73-94. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25206/2542-0488-2023-8-3-73-94. EDN: PXTLYW
Views:
0
JATS XML
Email this article 